写作训练

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写作重要性（对于读者最困扰的事情，由小到大）

word choice

word location

sentence choice

sentence location

paragraph choice

paragraph location

写作常犯错误（由小到大）

    1. faulty comparison: 比较含糊且非具体的，比如说Our finding is similar to Frater et al.
    1. noun cluster：多个名词堆砌，比如说： water bath temperature variability results.
    1. undefined abbreviation: 非标准的缩写没有定义
    1. inconsistent key term: 关键词前后不一致，nematode，worm，C.elegans
    1. long sentence
    1. nominalization: use of noun instead f more activate and omre interesting werb
    1. redundancy: the same thing is said repeatedly in different ways, or unnecessarily long ohrases are used instead of shorter versions.(the majority of instead of most)
    1. faulty verb tense: 时态错误 present tense instead of past tense.
    1. unspecific word choice: 用词模糊 words are imprecise or unclear(The sample was incubated for several hours)
    1. faulty reference: 错误引用
    1. faulty structural element: 结构性要素缺失。 necessary component of a paper is missing, misplaced, or obscured (purpose of experimanet is not stated, data are not interpreted, or concluson is missing)

写作的要点

掌握基础的英语写作能力

始终牢记文章是给reader阅读的，才能有广泛的阅读。

Introdution 部分

    1. Interest your audience and provide context

目的是提供背景信息，激发阅读者的兴趣，使阅读者能够脱离之前的研究来读懂。

    1. Follow a funnel structure

Background
Unknown/Problem
Question/Purpose of study
Experimental approach
Potional: results/conclusion/significance

    1. Keep the introduction short

字数控制在250-600个字

    1. Provide pertinent background information, but do not review the literature
    1. State the unknown or problem
    1. state the central point (question/purpose or discovery statement precisely)
    1. state the experimental approach briefly
    1. ensure good cohesion and coherence
    1. signaling all the element of the introduction


result 部分

    1. Report your main findings as well as other important findings
    1. point the reader to the data shown in figures and tables.
    1. include control results
    1. Interpret your data for the readers

      呈现数据，解释数据，而不是仅仅展示数据。Heart rate increased from 60 to 100 beats per minutes after digitails was added.

区分data和result，

    1. place statistical information with data. do not use it instead of results.
      using number and frequency instead of probabilities or sensitivities. 放在table 或者figure legend或者句尾。
    1. place results that answer the question of your paper at the beginning of the result section
    1. organize the results section chronologically or from most to least important
    1. emphasize and signal your results. subordinate secondary information

top sentence :emphasize results and then details of results

    1. organize your result into different segments

      分为非描述性的和描述性的

    非描述性的
    purpose or background of expriment
    exprimental approach
    result
    interpretation of result(对于描述性的文中则可以省略)

例句截图

    1. word choise
  1. 选择precise and descriptive wording, keep wording simple.
  2. 使用did not 等中性词，而非could not, failed
  3. 不要使用clearly, it is clear/obvious 过于主观和傲慢
  4. 当不使用统计学参数时，使用markedly, substantially 代替significantly。最好用括号“量化”说明，否则适合放在discusssion。
    1. use past tense for your result, but plesent tense for descriptive papers.
      signaling for paper
    1. omit peripheral information and irelevant general statements
    1. avoid exprimental details
    1. avoid general conclusions, speculations or compasions with other studies

Discussion

    1. state and interpret your key findings,provide the answer to the research question
    1. summarize and generalize
    1. keep in mind who your potential readsrs will be.
    1. Organize the Discussion in a pyramid structure :

    First paragraph: Answer based on key findings 

    Supporting evidence

    Subsequent paragraphs: Compasions/ contrast to previous studies

    Limitations of your study 
Unexpected findings
Hypotheses or models

    Last paragraph: Summary

    Significance/Implication
    1. Organize the topics according to the science or from most to least important in the middle of the discussion
    1. Compare and contrast your findings with those of other published results
    1. explain any discrepances, unexpected findings, and limitations.
    1. Provide generalizations where possible: tone 自信， person and voice 第一人称 we， tense注意finding 和result， continuity 连续
    1. Signal the elements of the discussion.

Revision

  1. 检查content and content location

步骤1. 罗列观点，以及观点相关的所有内容.

步骤2. 文章的逻辑是最重要的。检查先检查paper，然后是paragraphs，然后再是句子。主要根据下图，重点位置检查内容。

文章的整体结构：

  1. 检查每一部分，每一小部分的逻辑顺序。

回答观点是什么，论据是什么的问题

  1. 风格方面的revision

整体上，注重段落和section的过渡是否顺滑，

细节上，关注段落结果，句子结果和单词结构。

尽可能地去浓缩文章，去除不必要地细节以及重复句子等等。

  1. 在尽可能完善之后，等待几天再继续revision。书面性地给别人看，并且让别人提供纸质地反馈。

总结